As promised, this is the recipe and research for the picture above. This item was created for Pennsic 50 A&S Warpoint Team. I was chosen as an alternate, to step in if someone who was competing for points was unable to attend.
Original Recipe In Italian - Confetti de melle apio o de pome paradiso se le voy fare subito chomo è gratate le poy fare come ti pare.
Toy la mella e mondala, poy la grata; varda che non vada le granelle dentro la gratitura e lassala sugare per dui iorni. El sucho che fa la mella lassalo pur con la mella; passa le pome gratate e per ogni tri libre de pome meti libre tri de mele e lassale stare dui zorni le pome chomo el mele; poy fale bolire sempre menandole con speçie tanto che le mele sia cocte, abi a mente le spezie voleno essere messe quando l' è quasi cocto el confetto, cossí quelle de chodogni. Poy la distendi suso una tavola o suso una pietra bagnata e fay a modo di foio grosso men de mezzo dido; poy lassala refredare e fane a modo de schachieri in pezetti picholi e reponile in una schatolla con foie de laurano de sotto e poy de sopra dall' altra mano va metando foie de suolo in suolo; e se voi mettere spezie tra foio e foio serà molto bono. Agi a mente ch' el vol per lo men bolire una hora grossa e forsi dui sempre menandole bene e guardale dal fumo.
Original transcription from Libro di cucina/ libro per cuoco (Anonimo veneziano) — Institut für Germanistik (uni-giessen.de)
CXXXII Candied "apio" and paradise apples that are ready immediately, and grated they can be made as you like.
Take apples and peel them, then grate them, watch that there aren’t seeds inside the grated apples, and let them dry for two days. The juice that comes from the apples leave with them, and strain the grated apples, and for every three pounds of apples add three pounds of honey and let the apples sit in the honey for two days. Then put them to boil, always mixing carefully until the honey is cooked. Have in mind that the spices should be added when the candy is nearly cooked and candied, such as for quinces. Then spread the candy over a table or over a wet stone. Make them in the way of a large sheet, less than a half a finger high. Leave them to cool and make rolls of small pieces of the candy and put them to rest on a dish lined with bay leaves (Laurus nobilis L.) below and then above and build them up layer by layer. And if you want to add spices between each layer it will be very good. Bear in mind that it will need to boil for at least an hour and perhaps for two, always mixing well and protected from smoke.
Candied "Apio" and Paradise Apples
Ingredients:
1 ½ pounds of apples (preferably Granny Smith), cleaned, peeled, and cored
2 ¼ cups of honey
1 tablespoon of fine spice mix[1]
Fresh bay leaves (Laurus nobilis L.) (for serving)
Directions
1.
Grate the peeled apples using a box grater or mandolin. Place the grated
apples into a sieve suspended above a bowl to collect the juices.
2.
Cover the grated apples and allow them to sit for two days, stirring
occasionally to promote air drying.
3.
On the third day, weigh the strained apples and add 12 ounces
(approximately 1 cup) of honey for every pound of grated apple. Stir well and
let the mixture sit for two more days, stirring daily. (Note:
Modern appliances can blend the mixture into a smooth puree if desired,
otherwise the consistency of the finished product will appear “rough”.)
4.
Transfer the apple and honey mixture into a saucepan and heat it on low
until the honey warms. Then increase the heat and bring the mixture to a boil,
stirring constantly. (Note:
Alternatively, cook the mixture in a crockpot on low heat for at least ten
hours.)
5.
Once boiling, reduce the heat to medium and continue stirring
constantly. The paste will gradually darken in color and start pulling away
from the pan's sides.
6.
Add the spice mix to the apple paste when it begins to pull away from
the sides of the pan. Cook until a spoon drawn through the paste leaves a
trough without disappearing. This process may take an hour or more.
7.
Transfer the fruit paste to the lined cookie sheet or baking dish and
allow it to cool.
8.
Once cooled, cut the paste into squares, and serve on fresh bay leaves (Laurus nobilis L.) (do not
consume the leaves). For added flavor, sprinkle the paste with
additional spices before serving.
[1] To make fine spices mix grind 2 tbsp.
peppercorns to a fine powder, add to 2 tbsp. ground cinnamon and ground
ginger. ¾ tsp cloves and 1 ½ tsp
saffron.
Introduction
The historical background of confections
reveals their ancient origins and evolution. The ancient Egyptians preserved
nuts and fruits with honey, while physicians in the Middle Ages used sweet
confections to mask the taste of medicines. Sugar, introduced from India,
Persia, and the Middle East, gradually replaced honey as a sweetener. The
concept of sugar as medicine emerged from the Hippocratic theory of balancing
bodily humors. According to Greek dietetics, the stomach's heat and digestion
played a crucial role in maintaining health. Sugar and honey were believed to
warm the stomach and aid digestion, leading to their prominence in sweet dishes
served at the end of meals.
The recipe for "CXXXII. Confetti de
melle apio o de pome paradiso se le voy fare subito chomo è gratate le poy fare
come ti pare" holds several significant aspects. It documents the
creation of a fruit paste that is served immediately upon completion, rather
than drying it first. It also uses honey as the primary sweetener, reflecting
an earlier period when sugar was not as prevalent. Additionally, the recipe
showcases the richness of the ingredients, indicating the wealth of the person serving
it. The instructions even include directions on how to present the dessert. By
exploring this specific recipe, the project aims to revive a forgotten
confectionary technique and deepen our understanding of the early history of
candy making, particularly fruit pastes.
Examining the Ingredients
What
kind of apples were available? Of the many varieties that were grown during
this time, two stand out. The pearmaine
and the paradise, which is mentioned in the recipe. The Pearmaine apple, dating
back to around 1200 in England, is described as small to medium-sized. It
exhibits yellowish-green skin with streaks of red. It possesses a conical shape
reminiscent of a pear, albeit wider at the stem and tapering towards the
bottom. A related variety is the Queening apple, also known as Winter
Pearmaine, is available today. These apples are known for their sweet, slightly
tart, and tangy flavor with subtle notes of pear. A paradise apple, also called
an "apium apple" or "apius apple," denotes the common
apple variety. According to the Minnesota Seasons website, these apples are
fleshy and exhibit a globe-shaped to somewhat egg-shaped pome, ranging from 2⅜″
to 4⅓″ in diameter. Initially green, they gradually turn yellow to red as they
ripen in the mid-to-late summer. Paradise apples are commonly used as rootstock
and possess an astringent or mildly acidic taste.
Considering
the known apple varieties, the most favorable options for recreating this
recipe are Pearmaine or Paradise apples. Obtaining these specific apples,
however, proves challenging in the everyday marketplace. Nevertheless, there
are modern apple varieties that can serve as substitutes. Apples such as
Suncrisp, Gala, Ambrosia, Jazz, Fuji, Envy, and Winesap, known for their
sweetness, slight tartness, and pear-like notes, can be suitable substitutes
for Pearmaine. Additionally, with their acidic and sharp taste, Granny Smith
apples can serve as a viable substitute for the Paradise apple.
In
addition to sweetness, honey serves several other purposes in preparing Apio. Firstly, honey acts as a natural
binder or thickener, melding the grated apples together and creating a cohesive
texture for the fruit paste. Secondly, honey acts as a preservative due to its
antimicrobial properties. It helps inhibit the growth of microorganisms,
extending the shelf life of the Apio
and enabling storage before consumption. Lastly, honey flavor directly
complements the apples' natural sweetness and enhances the spices used, helping
to create a balance of flavors.
The Richness of Spices
Original Recipe Specie fine a tute cosse in Italian
LXXIII. Specie fine a tute cosse.
Toi una
onza de pevere e una de cinamo e una de zenzevro e mezo quarto de garofali e
uno quarto de zaferanno.
Translation
LXXIII Fine spices for all dishes (things)
Take one ounce of pepper, one ounce
of cinnamon, one ounce of ginger, half a quarter ounce of cloves, and one
quarter ounce of saffron.
Pepper found its way into Italy during the first century BC. The Romans, renowned for their expansive trade networks, established connections with various regions, including India and other parts of Asia, where pepper thrived. Pliny the Elder describes black, long, and white pepper in his Natural History. He emphasizes the significance of these spices, stating, "Both pepper and ginger grow wild in their respective countries, and yet here we buy them by weight—just as if they were so much gold or silver." Pepper quickly became a vital ingredient in Roman cuisine and remained widely utilized throughout the empire.
Saffron
also entered Italy early, thanks to the ancient Greeks. They actively
cultivated and traded this valuable spice, sourcing it from regions such as
Persia (modern-day Iran) and Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). The remaining
spices mentioned in the recipe, however—cinnamon, clove, and ginger—arrived in
Italy later. By the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Italy had grown into
the Mediterranean world’s key center of trade and commerce. Venice became a
crucial bridge connecting Northern and Western Europe with the Middle East and
the Far East, granting access to diverse spices originating from these distant
lands.
Comparison of Period and Modern-Day Equipment Used in the Preparation of Candied Apio
After being air dried
for two days, the grated apples are passed through a sieve or strainer,
separating the excess liquid from the fruit. This step, passa le pome gratate (sieve the grated apples), allows for
accurate measurement of the weight of the apples. The cook adds an equal weight
of honey and lets the apples soak for two more days before proceeding to the
next step. Scappi's Opera also
features an illustration of a sieve, providing insight into its potential
appearance during the time.
Analysis of Cooking Techniques used in Apio
The Importance of Presentation and the Use of
Bay Laurel Leaves
It
is important to note that the bay leaves are not intended for consumption but
serve as an ornamental element. Despite being commonly utilized in culinary
preparations, bay leaves are generally not ingested in their raw or whole form
due to their leathery texture, which can be unpalatable. To extract their
desired flavor and aroma fully, bay leaves are best utilized by simmering,
boiling, or infusing them in liquids during cooking. Their presence in this
recipe is solely decorative.
It is worth mentioning, however, that even in their raw state, bay leaves make contributions beyond the ornamental. Bay leaves – like honey -- possess significant preservative and microbial properties that contribute to their value in the culinary world. The leaves contain essential oils, such as cineol, eugenol, and linalool, which exhibit antimicrobial effects against various bacteria and fungi. Their ability to inhibit pathogens like Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes makes them a natural food preservative. Additionally, the antioxidants found in bay leaves, including caffeic acid and rutin, aid in preventing oxidative damage and spoilage. Thus, bay leaves serve as a natural food preservative due to their ability to hinder the growth of microorganisms and extend the shelf life of various food preparations. In addition to their preservative properties, bay leaves are an effective insect repellent. The pungent aroma of these leaves, primarily due to essential oils, deters pests like ants, cockroaches, and weevils. This natural quality makes bay leaves valuable to food storage areas or dried goods, safeguarding them from infestations. Historically, bay leaves have been utilized in traditional medicine for their antimicrobial attributes, aiding digestion, respiratory ailments, and wound healing. These multifaceted properties of bay leaves contribute to their extensive use in culinary practices and various therapeutic applications (Sirikin, 2018).
Conclusion
In conclusion, the exploration of the manuscript "Il libro per cuoco o Anonimo Veneziano o Anonimo Veneto" offers valuable insights into the early history of candy making and the culinary traditions of early Italy by providing a glimpse into the cooking methods, ingredients, and preferences of that era. Of the many recipes found within the document, one recipe, "CXXXII. Confetti de melle apio o de pome paradiso se le voy fare subito chomo è gratate le poy fare come ti pare," stands out. It showcases the creation of Apio, an apple-based fruit paste using honey as the primary sweetener, reflecting the prevalence of honey as a sweetener during that time. This rediscovered recipe not only offers a delicious treat but also highlights the interplay of humoral qualities in ancient Greek dietetics and how it continued to impact diet in the fifteenth century, emphasizing the balance of bodily humors through carefully selected ingredients.
Researchers who may be interested in further exploration
into medieval culinary practices in the fourteenth and fifteenth century,
should consider the following books. "Liber de Coquina," a
14th-century Neapolitan cookbook. "Le Viandier," authored by
Guillaume Tirel (Taillevent) in the 14th century, is a French cookbook. For a
glimpse into the culinary practices of medieval England, "Forme of Cury"
is an essential resource. Compiled by King Richard II's chefs in the late 14th
century, this cookbook contains a diverse range of recipes. To explore the
gastronomy of medieval Catalonia, "Libre del Coch" by Ruperto
de Nola is recommended.
Final Thoughts:
Surprisingly modern in taste, this recipe could easily find a place on a cheese board or even as a unique addition to a sandwich. It would serve as an excellent dessert course alongside other candies such as manus christi, sugar plate, comfits, marzipan, marchpane, or gingerbread.
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